Footnotes+a1s3

Footnotes- Act 1 Scene 3

4- **Antonio shall be bound-​** Antonio will have to pay the debt This means that Antonio will have to pay the three thousand ducats and interest in three months or else he will have to face the penalty of of Shylock's choosing. This penalty would most of the time be jail then. This shows how strong Antonio's friendship toward Bassanio because you usually would not agree to pay the loan for just anyone. This also shows that Antonio is a great friend toward Bassanio who does not have a lot of money needed for his quest. Antonio clearly has enough to give Bassanio the money through his unknown profession. MRA 11-**Antonio is a good man**- Antonio has lots of money Shylock means this by that he has enough money so he will pay pay back the debt. Bassanio interprets this as a compliment that Antonio is an honorable man. This shows how both men think about Antonio. Shylock only thinks of Antonio as a man with enough money that he willl repay the large loan set by Bassanio. Bassanio thinks that Antonio is just a nice guy and is a good friend who will help him in his time of need. This shows how different men Bassanio and Shylock are and how they view Antonio. MRA 15- **Argosy-** a merchant ship Antonio's profession is revealed in Shylock's monolouge on how 'sufficient' Antonio is. Antonio is a merchant from this description who a lot of ships throughout the world bringing different goods. It shows that Antonio's money intake is dependant on good seas and winds. He has lots of money, but if his ships all wreck, he will not be able to pay back the debt and will have to be punished. Antonio knows this before he allows Bassanio to get money from Shylock in his name. With all his ships, there is good chance that al least one ship will come to shore, and with all the money he makes on one ship, he should be able to pay the loan back. MRA 30- **Prophet... the devil into-** Jesus commanded the devils in madmen into the minds of pigs This is from The Holy Bible in Mark 5:1-13. Shylock is making an allusion to this passage becasue Jewish people do not eat pork. Shylock is saying that lots of people eat pork so he does not want to be involved in a wrong to his beliefs. It also shows how much he dislikes Christians because he will not eat their food or pray with them. This is the reader's first insight into how Shylock feels Antonio and Christians in general. MRA 36- **Fawning publican**- a slavish tax-collector Shylock gives his impression to the reader that Antonio looks like a tax-collector and at this period of time, people hated tax-collectors. He is also saying that Antonio is stupid for he has "humble simplicity" which means a humble foolishness. Tax-collectors were not the richest people, so he is commenting on Antonio's dress and appearance. This shows how much Shylock hates Antonio which influences how he deals with Antonio in the talking about Bassaino's loan. MRA 39- **Gratis-** without interest This is how Antonio lends his money, while Shylock does his business by lending money and charging interest. Shylock lends money for a living, while Antonio's "generous" nature in these loans causes money lenders like Shylock to bring down their rates for many people came to Antonio for money lending. One reason Antonio does this is because he hates Jews and many Jews lend money, so this brings down their income. Without Antonio lending money, they would have similar rates ad make much more money. The grudge between Antonio and Shylock is because of two reasons. One of these is the religion issue, while the other reason is that Antonio lends money and only expects that money back in return. MRA 41- **Catch him once upon the hip**- find him at a disadvantage Shylock here makes a metaphor because if catch someone by their hip, they would have limited mobility. Shylock means that if Antonio stumbles, like he cannot pay back the loan, Shylock can punish him any way he chooses because of the forming bond. With Shylock at an advantage, Antonio will be at his mercy. Shylock hates Antonio and he can "feed the ancient grudge" he has against Antonio because ofhis actions and the fact that he is a Christian. Because Antonio is bound to the bond and that the ships arriving depends on many factors, it would easy for Shylock to get revenge. MRA 43- **Rails**- insults This is the first sppecific example to how Antonio is in Shylock's grudge. He insults how Shylock makes money with other merchants so they do not go to him to get loans. Because Antonio lends money without interest, the merchants would want to go to him for loans and not Shylock. So now Shylock has Antonio at a slight disadvantage because Antonio is coming to Shylock for a loan. Shylock, because hates Antonio and will not forgive him, see Act I Scene III lines 46-47, can get his revenge somehow through this bargain. Shylock has caught him upon the hip and will use it in his own way. MRA 48- **Debating my present store**- thinking whether I have enough money ready Shylock thinks about if he has three thousand ducats available to lend. If not, he would have to go lend it from his friend. That could put Antonio in even more trouble because it would be two people's money he is bound to. With Shylock constantly lending money, his supply of money at the ready varies depending on how many people and how much is lending from him. Shylock, it seems, has good business practices if he can remember all of his customers who are lending what in a short amount of time. Unfortunately Shylock does not have enough money ready but he can lend it from Tubal, another Jewish man who is wealthy. MRA 57- **By taking nor by giving of excess**- charge interest Antonio is saying that he does not take interest from people he lends to like Shylock does. He will allow himself to lend from Shylock, who charges interest, because Bassanio desperately needs the money for his quest.This shows how good of a friend Antonio is to Bassaino. He never gives interest or gets loans with interest but Shylock is the only one who can give him enough money. This shows Antonio's disapproval for interest, yet his friend's happiness is more important than his custom about dealing with interest. MRA 67- **When Jacob graz'd...ay, he was the third-** Shylock attempts to justify his charging of interest by quoting bible verse. He uses a story in which Jacob tricks Laban out of most of his flock by changing the color of the new born lambs. He uses this to show Antonio that Jacob was not wronging Laban he was simply being very crafty in his ways. Shylock believes his giving of interest is just being crafty. MJA 93- **The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose-** Shylock can alter the true meaning of bible verses to fit his need. After Shylock explains how his interest is just Antonio remarks aside from Shylock. Saying anyone can bend verses to fit their need, Antonio continues to insult Shylock for attempting to change the actual meaning of the verse. He then exclaims how Shylock hides his inner evil. You can feel Antonios hatred for Shylock as well as a bit of racial feelings against him for his religion. MJA 100- **Beholding-** Indebted Antonio wishes to hurry this meeting up. He does not like the idea of having to borrow money from a man he detests or taking the interest he detests so much.This shows the bond of friendship between himself and Bassanio. He is violating all his customs and taking money from a man with mutual hatred of him. He does this all simply because Bassanio needs the money and he will do anything for Bassanio. MJA 103- **Usances-** Financial deals After Antonio tries to speed up the deal Shylock begins to crack. Shylock begins saying that Antonio always talks wrongly about Shylock's lending. Shylock says he always takes the chastisement silently and without anger. Shylock, in this line, shows his confusion to how Antonio suddenly drops his customs and borrows money from Shylock. MJA Shylock unleashes all the feelings of hate against Antonio; saying "And spit upon my Jewish gaberdine," Since a gaberdine is worn by jews, saying Antonio spits upon it is almost saying Antonio has a racial hate against all Jewish people. This is when you first see Shylock let it be publicly known he detests Antonio. These feelings of hate will later come in to play when Shylock can choose between his pound of Antonios flesh or nine thousand ducats. MJA ** 112- **Void your rheum upon my beard**- Void- to spit; rheum- spit Shylock continues to ramble on about how much he detests Antonio. In his remark about the Jewish gaberdine, Shylock explains that Antonio despises the Jewish religion, but in this statement, he shows how Antonio also hates Shylock himself.- RBK 122- **Spurn'd-** (Spurned) To spurn means to scorn disdainfully. Shylock is giving some insight as to why he wants a pound of flesh from Antonio. He explains that Antonio has scorned Shylock and the Jewish religion as well as spitting on his gabberdine. This is the first time the reader should feel sympathy toward Shylock. Although he wants to kill Antonio, the reader also now knows that Shylock has been scorned upon by Antonio. This confusion over what to feel toward Shylock continues through much of the story.- RBK 130- **Rather to thine enemy** - Just remember that if i can't pay back the loan, you can legally kill your enemy Antonio is attempting to influence Shylock's decision on whether to accept his offer. This may be one of the deciding factors in Shylock accepting the offer. Shylock had just ranted about how much he hates Antonio, so Antonio uses this to his advanatage in this statement.- RBK 137- **Kind, Kindness-** Nice, Shylock puns it as another old meaning of kind meaning natural inclination or in his sense interest Another [|pun] Shakespeare loves putting in his works. After Antonio tells him to lend it to thine enemy Shylock has a plan. He agrees to lend money to Antonio at this point. He states he will add "kind" or natural inclination in this sense(also interest). Bassanio believes he means a good offer and he agrees saying it is kind. This provides humor at Bassanios lack of understanding of what Shylock really means. This is important because it directly leads to the famous "pound of flesh" line. MJA 140- **Notary**- A notary is a public official who certifies official documents and who can also supervise oaths. If Shylock does not bring the deal before a notary, he would have no legal hold on Antonio. With the deal made official, Antonio can no longer back out of it. Also, even if the duke that later presides over the taking of the pound of flesh believes the deal is unfair, cancelling the arrangement would tarnish the reputation of Venice in the eyes of other countries. -RBK 147- **In what part of your body pleaseth me-** Wherever on your body that I want Shylock is explaining the details of the deal he is making with Antonio. Because he previously ranted about how much he hates Antonio, this statement implies that Shylock will take his pound of flesh from an area that would prove fatal for Antonio.- RBK 163- **As the flesh of muttons, beef, or goats**- Very profitable meats in this time period Shylock is saying that although a pound of Antonio's flesh would not financially make up for the loss of three thousand ducats (as the meat of these animals might have), it would satisfy Shylock's thirst for revenge. He might also be making a jab at Antonio by implying that his flesh isn't as valuable as that of animals.- RBK 173- **Gentle**- Kind Jew, this is also a [|pun] because it is said as gentile which is a term for a non-Jew. The deal has finally been finished and both parties agreed on settlements. As Antonio leaves to find a notary he says goodbye. This is considered a pun because he is basically saying non-Jewish Jew, following it by saying he will turn Christian for being kind and reasonable. He pretty much restates the same thing twice. MJA 176-77- **Come on... day**- This is an example of a rhyming coupletin iambic pentameter, a literary device used frequently by Shakespeare. Antonio is saying that there is no reason to worry because his ships should be here soon. Shortly before Antonio says this, Bassanio says that he believes that Shylock is up to something. However, then Antonio tells Bassanio not to worry about the deal. His ships that contain most of his money will be arriving in Venice a month before the three months of the deal are over. The iambic pentameter, the rythm of the lines, gives off a feeling of finality, appropriate, seeing as these are the last lines of the scene.- RBK
 * 107- Jewish gaberdine- A coat that is traditionally worn by jews